Library HoTT.Types.Arrow

Theorems about Non-dependent function types


Require Import Basics.Overture Basics.PathGroupoids Basics.Decidable
               Basics.Equivalences Basics.Trunc Basics.Tactics Basics.Iff.
Require Import Types.Forall.
Local Open Scope path_scope.

Local Set Universe Minimization ToSet.

Generalizable Variables A B C D f g n.

Definition arrow@{u u0} (A : Type@{u}) (B : Type@{u0}) := A B.
#[export] Instance IsReflexive_arrow : Reflexive arrow :=
  fun _idmap.
#[export] Instance IsTransitive_arrow : Transitive arrow :=
  fun _ _ _ f gcompose g f.

Section AssumeFunext.
Context `{Funext}.

Paths

As for dependent functions, paths p : f = g in a function type A B are equivalent to functions taking values in path types, H : x:A, f x = g x, or concisely H : f == g. These are all given in the Overture, but we can give them separate names for clarity in the non-dependent case.

Definition path_arrow {A B : Type} (f g : A B)
  : (f == g) (f = g)
  := path_forall f g.

There are a number of combinations of dependent and non-dependent for apD10_path_forall; we list all of the combinations as helpful lemmas for rewriting.
Definition ap10_path_arrow {A B : Type} (f g : A B) (h : f == g)
  : ap10 (path_arrow f g h) == h
  := apD10_path_forall f g h.

Definition apD10_path_arrow {A B : Type} (f g : A B) (h : f == g)
  : apD10 (path_arrow f g h) == h
  := apD10_path_forall f g h.

Definition ap10_path_forall {A B : Type} (f g : A B) (h : f == g)
  : ap10 (path_forall f g h) == h
  := apD10_path_forall f g h.

Definition eta_path_arrow {A B : Type} (f g : A B) (p : f = g)
  : path_arrow f g (ap10 p) = p
  := eta_path_forall f g p.

Definition path_arrow_1 {A B : Type} (f : A B)
  : (path_arrow f f (fun x ⇒ 1)) = 1
  := eta_path_arrow f f 1.

Definition equiv_ap10 {A B : Type} f g
  : (f = g) <~> (f == g)
  := Build_Equiv _ _ (@ap10 A B f g) _.

Global Instance isequiv_path_arrow {A B : Type} (f g : A B)
  : IsEquiv (path_arrow f g) | 0
  := isequiv_path_forall f g.

Definition equiv_path_arrow {A B : Type} (f g : A B)
  : (f == g) <~> (f = g)
  := equiv_path_forall f g.

Function extensionality for two-variable functions
Definition equiv_path_arrow2 {X Y Z: Type} (f g : X Y Z)
  : ( x y, f x y = g x y) <~> f = g.
Proof.
  refine (equiv_path_arrow _ _ oE _).
  apply equiv_functor_forall_id; intro x.
  apply equiv_path_arrow.
Defined.

Definition ap100_path_arrow2 {X Y Z : Type} {f g : X Y Z}
  (h : x y, f x y = g x y) (x : X) (y : Y)
  : ap100 (equiv_path_arrow2 f g h) x y = h x y.
Proof.
  unfold ap100.
  refine (ap (fun pap10 p y) _ @ _).
  1: apply apD10_path_arrow.
  cbn.
  apply apD10_path_arrow.
Defined.

Path algebra


Definition path_arrow_pp {A B : Type} (f g h : A B)
  (p : f == g) (q : g == h)
  : path_arrow f h (fun xp x @ q x) = path_arrow f g p @ path_arrow g h q
  := path_forall_pp f g h p q.

Transport

Transporting in non-dependent function types is somewhat simpler than in dependent ones.

Definition transport_arrow {A : Type} {B C : A Type}
  {x1 x2 : A} (p : x1 = x2) (f : B x1 C x1) (y : B x2)
  : (transport (fun xB x C x) p f) y = p # (f (p^ # y)).
Proof.
  destruct p; simpl; auto.
Defined.

This is an improvement to transport_arrow. That result only shows that the functions are homotopic, but even without funext, we can prove that these functions are equal.
Definition transport_arrow' {A : Type} {B C : A Type}
  {x1 x2 : A} (p : x1 = x2) (f : B x1 C x1)
  : transport (fun xB x C x) p f = transport _ p o f o transport _ p^.
Proof.
  destruct p; auto.
Defined.

Definition transport_arrow_toconst {A : Type} {B : A Type} {C : Type}
  {x1 x2 : A} (p : x1 = x2) (f : B x1 C) (y : B x2)
  : (transport (fun xB x C) p f) y = f (p^ # y).
Proof.
  destruct p; simpl; auto.
Defined.

This is an improvement to transport_arrow_toconst. That result shows that the functions are homotopic, but even without funext, we can prove that these functions are equal.
Definition transport_arrow_toconst' {A : Type} {B : A Type} {C : Type}
  {x1 x2 : A} (p : x1 = x2) (f : B x1 C)
  : transport (fun xB x C) p f = f o transport B p^.
Proof.
  destruct p; auto.
Defined.

Definition transport_arrow_fromconst {A B : Type} {C : A Type}
  {x1 x2 : A} (p : x1 = x2) (f : B C x1) (y : B)
  : (transport (fun xB C x) p f) y = p # (f y).
Proof.
  destruct p; simpl; auto.
Defined.

And some naturality and coherence for these laws.

Definition ap_transport_arrow_toconst {A : Type} {B : A Type} {C : Type}
  {x1 x2 : A} (p : x1 = x2) (f : B x1 C) {y1 y2 : B x2} (q : y1 = y2)
  : ap (transport (fun xB x C) p f) q
      @ transport_arrow_toconst p f y2
    = transport_arrow_toconst p f y1
        @ ap (fun yf (p^ # y)) q.
Proof.
  destruct p, q; reflexivity.
Defined.

Dependent paths

Usually, a dependent path over p:x1=x2 in P:AType between y1:P x1 and y2:P x2 is a path transport P p y1 = y2 in P x2. However, when P is a function space, these dependent paths have a more convenient description: rather than transporting the argument of y1 forwards and backwards, we transport only forwards but on both sides of the equation, yielding a "naturality square".

Definition dpath_arrow
  {A:Type} (B C : A Type) {x1 x2:A} (p:x1=x2)
  (f : B x1 C x1) (g : B x2 C x2)
  : ( (y1:B x1), transport C p (f y1) = g (transport B p y1))
      <~> (transport (fun xB x C x) p f = g).
Proof.
  destruct p.
  apply equiv_path_arrow.
Defined.

Definition ap10_dpath_arrow
  {A : Type} (B C : A Type) {x1 x2 : A} (p : x1 = x2)
  (f : B x1 C x1) (g : B x2 C x2)
  (h : (y1 : B x1), transport C p (f y1) = g (transport B p y1))
  (u : B x1)
  : ap10 (dpath_arrow B C p f g h) (p # u)
    = transport_arrow p f (p # u)
        @ ap (fun xp # (f x)) (transport_Vp B p u)
        @ h u.
Proof.
  destruct p; simpl; unfold ap10.
  exact (apD10_path_forall f g h u @ (concat_1p _)^).
Defined.

Maps on paths

The action of maps given by application.
Definition ap_apply_l {A B : Type} {x y : A B} (p : x = y) (z : A)
  : ap (fun ff z) p = ap10 p z
  := 1.

Definition ap_apply_Fl {A B C : Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) (M : A B C) (z : B)
  : ap (fun a ⇒ (M a) z) p = ap10 (ap M p) z
  := match p with 1 ⇒ 1 end.

Definition ap_apply_Fr {A B C : Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) (z : B C) (N : A B)
  : ap (fun az (N a)) p = ap01 z (ap N p)
  := (ap_compose N _ _).

Definition ap_apply_FlFr {A B C : Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) (M : A B C) (N : A B)
  : ap (fun a ⇒ (M a) (N a)) p = ap11 (ap M p) (ap N p)
  := match p with 1 ⇒ 1 end.

The action of maps given by lambda.
Definition ap_lambda {A B C : Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) (M : A B C)
  : ap (fun a bM a b) p
    = path_arrow _ _ (fun bap (fun aM a b) p).
Proof.
  destruct p;
  symmetry;
  simpl; apply path_arrow_1.
Defined.

Functorial action


Definition functor_arrow `(f : B A) `(g : C D)
  : (A C) (B D)
  := @functor_forall A (fun _C) B (fun _D) f (fun _g).

Definition not_contrapositive `(f : B A)
  : not A not B
  := functor_arrow f idmap.

Definition iff_not@{u v k | uk, vk}
  (A : Type@{u}) (B : Type@{v})
  : A B iff@{u v k} (¬A) (¬B).
Proof.
  intros e; split; apply not_contrapositive@{_ k}, e.
Defined.

Definition ap_functor_arrow `(f : B A) `(g : C D)
  (h h' : A C) (p : h == h')
  : ap (functor_arrow f g) (path_arrow _ _ p)
    = path_arrow _ _ (fun bap g (p (f b)))
  := @ap_functor_forall _ A (fun _C) B (fun _D)
      f (fun _g) h h' p.

Truncatedness: functions into an n-type is an n-type


Global Instance contr_arrow {A B : Type} `{Contr B}
  : Contr (A B) | 100
  := contr_forall.

Global Instance istrunc_arrow {A B : Type} `{IsTrunc n B}
  : IsTrunc n (A B) | 100
  := istrunc_forall.

Functions from a contractible type

This also follows from equiv_contr_forall, but this proof has a better inverse map.
Definition equiv_arrow_from_contr (A B : Type) `{Contr A}
  : (A B) <~> B.
Proof.
  srapply (equiv_adjointify (fun ff (center A)) const).
  - reflexivity.
  - intro f; funext a; unfold const; simpl.
    apply (ap f), contr.
Defined.

Equivalences


Global Instance isequiv_functor_arrow `{IsEquiv B A f} `{IsEquiv C D g}
  : IsEquiv (functor_arrow f g) | 1000
  := @isequiv_functor_forall _ A (fun _C) B (fun _D)
     _ _ _ _.

Definition equiv_functor_arrow `{IsEquiv B A f} `{IsEquiv C D g}
  : (A C) <~> (B D)
  := @equiv_functor_forall _ A (fun _C) B (fun _D)
      f _ (fun _g) _.

Definition equiv_functor_arrow' `(f : B <~> A) `(g : C <~> D)
  : (A C) <~> (B D)
  := @equiv_functor_forall' _ A (fun _C) B (fun _D)
      f (fun _g).

(* We could do something like this notation, but it's not clear that it would be that useful, and might be confusing. *)
(* Notation "f -> g" := (equiv_functor_arrow' f g) : equiv_scope. *)

End AssumeFunext.

Decidability

This doesn't require funext
Global Instance decidable_arrow {A B : Type}
  `{Decidable A} `{Decidable B}
  : Decidable (A B).
Proof.
  destruct (dec B) as [x2|y2].
  - exact (inl (fun _x2)).
  - destruct (dec A) as [x1|y1].
    + apply inr; intros f.
      exact (y2 (f x1)).
    + apply inl; intros x1.
      elim (y1 x1).
Defined.